Introduction to Business Law - 2808 Words

Business law LAW OF CARRIAGE:- Defination of law of carriage: Law of carriage means carrying goods from one place to another against the price. It is the branch of business. Carriage is the basis for the management and operation of business successfully and effectively. It is the factor of business activity that helps to mobilize the labor, raw material, and tools and machinery etc. Modern business activity are based on the exchange of goods and transportation of goods from one place to another. According to section 65 of Nepal contract act.2056 ,†a contract is related to carriage shall be deemed to have been concluded, if it provides for transportation of goods from one place to another.† Classification of carriage: carriage can be†¦show more content†¦Specific goods:- specific goods are those which are agreed and identified at the time of contract of sale. ii. Unascertained goods: - unascertained goods are those which are not agreed and identified at the time of contract of sale. These types of goods indicated and defined by description at the time of contract of sale. iii. Ascertained goods: the term ‘ascertained’ is used to those goods; which are ascertained after making the contract of sale. 2. Future goods:- future goods are those goods which are manufactured, produced and acquired by the seller after making the contract of sale. 3. Contingent good: contingent goods are those goods whose acquisition is depend upon the happening and non happening of certain event. i.e., contingent event. Difference between contract of sale and agreement to sale. Basis of difference | Contract of sale | Agreement to sale. | Ownership of goods | Buyer is said to the real owner | Seller is said to the real owner. | Natue of contract | Executed in nature | Executory in nature | Transfer of risk | Seller can transfer the risk to the buyer in the condition of sale | Seller can’t transfer the risk to the buyer up to the time of contract of sale. | Loss and damages of goods | All the losses and damages are bound by the actual buyer | All the losses and damages are bear by the actual seller. | Right to sell the goods by the seller. | Seller has no right to sellShow MoreRelatedIntroduction Of Business Law Coursework Assignment1717 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Business Law Coursework Assignment Question 1 Part 1: In the English system, there are two laws that have a huge and fundamental impact on the English law. These two laws are the most common type of laws that are carried out within the court, either in Crown Court or the Magistrate’s Court. Depending on the seriousness of the damage caused by the breaking the law, not all prosecutions are carried out in the Crown Court. The English Law coincides within two countries of Great BritainRead MoreCourse Work in Introduction to Business Law1048 Words   |  5 Pagesin goods to the buyer for a money consideration, called the price†. The definition is proved in â€Å"Sale of Goods Act 1979†, Part II – â€Å"Formation of the contract†, section 2 – â€Å"Contract of sale†,(1) The â€Å"Sale of Goods Act 1979† is part of the civil law. This means that problems you have with any goods you have purchased are not a criminal matter, so the police will not be involved. You have to take action yourself. This is the Act you can quote if you have a problem with goods you have purchased,Read MoreThe Principle Of Marketing : Bus 3305 Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesASSIGNMENT TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Nature and Sources of Business Law 2.1 The Common Law 2.2. U.S. Constitution 2.3 Statutory law 1.4 Judicial Precedent 3.0 Impacts of the Law On Business 4.0 Ways that the law could be improved. 5.0 Conclusion 1.0 INTRODUCTION In reality the law covers an enormous range of situations and the legal system has a variety of courts and methods for dealing with different types of cases. 1.1 Meaning of Law There is no single meaning of law that is universally adoptedRead Morethis is an essay1741 Words   |  7 Pages[PDF] 11011 Business Law 100 Semester 1, 2012 - Curtin ... https://business.curtin.edu.au/downloadFile.cfm?fileId=D4471A94...‎ Feb 10, 2012 - 3 Construct a coherent and logical legal argument using the four step process approach. 4 Apply relevant legal concepts and principles to  ... 2. 4 main steps in the legal research process - Introduction to ... unimelb.libguides.com/content.php?pid=172459sid=1451390‎ Jun 11, 2013 - You might also go to an encyclopedia such as Halsburys Laws of AustraliaRead MoreCopelandR MKTG600 MidTerm Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesequity is a business having the clout and power of its product(s) to leverage that equity or clout for its need to raise capital or increase customers. Developing brand equity is important because it allows companies to interact with their customers in order to induce loyalty which increases the growth of a company. Every company, established ones as well as start-ups have the ability to create brand equity. It is especially important for start-ups because in the first step of business, they wouldRead MoreFidos Bistro737 Words   |  3 PagesEntrepreneurs will be innovative new dog treats, ideas such as new ways of advertising also enhance organization of the gourmet dog treats. At Fido’s Bistro, there will be three employees. In my company I will be in charge over all business decisions. By having control over the busines s I will delegate scheduling and training. Trained employees will be responsible for taking customers’ orders, deliveries and helping with the baking and packaging of the treats. All advertising will be conducted through socialRead MoreGlobal Code Of Ethics And Ethics938 Words   |  4 PagesMBA 605: Unit 4 Exercise Global Code of Ethics Introduction All employees and senior level executives are expected to uphold to the Global Code of Ethics in the highest ethical standards of this corporate international organization. Each employee is to abide by the laws of their country and the regulations of the organization in which they work. The Global Code of Ethics helps ensure compliance with the standards of business, ethics, and governing regulation requirements put in place. All employeesRead MoreEnvironmental Ethics And Environmental Safety895 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental ethics can be formally defined in many sources as the study of human interaction with nature. In a business sense, however, environmental ethics is concerned with the business’ duty or responsibility to protect our overall environment. Our society is beginning to become more involved with the environmental movement. Because of this, people are more concerned with the companies and businesses that they support in regards to their concern towards ou r environment. Some argue that businessesRead MoreUniform Commercial Code and Common Law Contracts1156 Words   |  5 PagesUCC and COMMON LAW CONTRACTS Introduction Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) entails many underlying laws and requirements governing it in trading within a country and internationally. The international trade part has in recent years raises the question as to whether states should change the laws or not. The current laws can bring about many issues causing the downfall of many large businesses. This makes it hard to conclude on the effect of U.C.C. on international commerce coming along with manyRead MoreGlobal Software Piracy Case Study639 Words   |  3 Pages16-03-2010 Executive Summary: This case is taking software piracy under the light that explained at the end of the third chapter of the book International Business environments and operations by Daniels in the 11th edition. Software piracy is the mislicensing, unauthorized reproduction and illegal distribution of software, whether for business or personal use. When someone copies software without buying the appropriate number of licenses, it is copyright infringement. Individual copying software

Bendix Case Study Free Essays

The Bended Corporation is a parts supplier for five separate business units: automotive, the Frame Corporation (filters), aerospace, industrial and energy, and international. In 1951, the Bended Corporation is credited with the invention of electronic fuel injection (EFFIE) and was in sole possession of the accompanying patent until 1978. The company had not utilized this innovation to its fullest potential due to the lack of interest in automotive manufacturers in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Bendix Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1976, Douglas Crane, president of Bended Corporation’s automotive division, was mulling ever the idea of embarking on the construction of a $10 million injector manufacturing plant, the main component involved EFFIE. Major Problems and Issues There are many problems facing Bender’s customers in 1976, the first and most predominant being government regulations. The government has been tightening and tightening the control over pollution levels in automotive emissions as well as minimum gas mileage requirements for each manufacturers’ fleets. The major car manufacturers were unable to meet these requirements with their current fuel delivery system technology. These demands put added pressure on Bended to revived a solution in order to provide future success and to create a competitive advantage. Another major problem facing Bended was competition from a Busch, a company that Bended earlier had made an agreement with to use Bender’s EFFIE technology to manufacture for the European market. Busch was planning on creating a manufacturing plant in the United States, threatening to take away some of the market share away from Bended. Another issue facing the implementation of EFFIE into the American automotive market is the phenomena that affect innovation in a large corporation. The phenomenon is that with larger economies of scale, the less the many is willing implementing a radically different solution to an old and well- known problem. The company is more willing to improve processes with their innovations, and then to create a whole new product line. The implementations of product innovations are more common in startups than in well-established firms such as Bended. This phenomenon can explain why EFFIE was put on the back burner and never utilized fully. [1] Possible Solutions There are three possible scenarios for the Bended Corporation when it comes to the new injector manufacturing plant. The first is Bended could build a new state of the art facility. The contract between Busch and Bended allowed them full disclosure, and each company shared their technologies and processes. Bended had a man spend several months studying the methods Busch was using in their production of injectors. The lessons that were learned during this time can be used to make a plant using new technology Second, Bended could restructure an existing facility to produce injectors. This remodel would take less time and cost less than building a brand new facility. Bended tried this strategy when they started producing their own electronic control units (CEO) by adding production to their radio manufacturing facility. This initial failure was remedied when Crane took control over the SEC production and got the right team together in order to meet a contract with Cadillac. Lastly, Bended could cancel the new facility and supply the injectors from an outside firm. This strategy that Bended used early in its EFFIE production. Although it does not contain the capital costs of tooling and/or building a facility. This solution has the issue that the current suppliers cannot meet the numbers Bended is looking to supply when/if EFFIE becomes the standard. Recommended Actions The issues that are facing the automotive industry are a factor that will change the environment for these companies causing them to have to make fundamental changes in fuel delivery systems. These changes will become an opportunity for Bended to pursue EFFIE as the solution for the future regulations and performance standards expected by the American customers. For Bended to become a leader in EFFIE, they will need to have a competitive, and they will not be able to when they are supplying injectors from their competitors. Bended will have to become more vertically integrated by producing their own injectors and using the knowledge they have from their time observing Busch, they can produce them more efficiently and tit less waste. The action I would recommend for Crane to pursue is creating their own brand new injector facility. The facility will be able supply the future needs for EFFIE due to regulations. Bended will be able to compete and beat Busch in the market due to superior processes. To get past the phenomena such as stated earlier their needs to be a strong leader championing this endeavor and Crane has already proven himself with the SEC project. [2] Conclusion In conclusion, there are a plethora of factors outside of the control of the market such as government regulation and management phenomena inside a large corporation. A company can come up with a solution that may not useful at the time such as in this case. There was no need at the time for EFFIE at its invention because of the less stringent pollution and mileage standards but as time progresses EFFIE became a more and more plausible solution. Whatever choice Bended made, EFFIE is now standard on all cars and carburetors are a thing of the past. Bibliography [1] Abernathy, W. , Turtleback, J. (2014). Pattern of Industrial Innovation. Innovation Management (1-9). Romania, NY: Lines Learning. [2] Schumacher, T. (2014, May 22). Gunfire at Sea. Youth. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from HTTPS://www. Youth. Com/ How to cite Bendix Case Study, Free Case study samples

Management Accounting Budgeting and Variances

Question: Describe about the Management Accounting Budgeting and Variances. Answer: 1. Calculating the flexed and actual budget: Flexible Budget Particulars Amount Amount Sales 769,500 Variable Cost Direct materials 194,400 Direct labour 202,500 396,900 Contribution 372,600 Fixed overhead 128,000 Net profit 244,600 Table 1: Depicting the flexible budget (Source: as created by author) Actual Budget Particulars Amount Amount Sales 753,300 Variable Cost Direct materials 192,500 Direct labour 221,000 413,500 Contribution 339,800 Fixed overhead 130,000 Net profit 209,800 Table 2: Depicting the Actual budget (Source: as created by author) With the help of table 1 and 2, the overall flexible and actual budget could be effectively evaluated. Moreover, from the flexible budget the overall profit of the company has been seen increasing, which states that flexible budget might help in improving the overall budget value. Quan et al. (2013) mentioned investor to reduce the variance in overall budget mainly uses that flexible budget. The table 3 mainly states the variance analysis of flexible and actual budget of the company. The variable cost and fixed overhead cost have positive amount, which states the favourable assumption taken in the budget. However, the sales price and sales units has negative value, which depicts the low profit generation capital of the company. Variance Particulars Actual Flexible Variance Sales 753,300 769,500 (16,200) Variable Cost 413,500 396,900 16,600 Contribution 339,800 372,600 (32,800) Fixed overhead 130,000 128,000 2,000 Net profit 209,800 244,600 (34,800) Table 3: Depicting the Variance (Source: as created by author) 2. Calculating the variance: Sales variances; volume and price: Sales volume variance Particulars Amount Actual unit sold 810 Budgeted unit sold 800 Budget price per unit 950 Sales volume variance 9,500 Table 4: Depicting the Sales volume variance (Source: as created by author) Sales price variance Particulars Amount Actual price 930 Budgeted price 950 Actual unit sales 810 Sales price variance (16,200) Table 5: Depicting the Sales price variance (Source: as created by author) With the help of table 4 and 5, the overall sales price and volume could be evaluated. In addition, the sales volume variance has been detected as positive, while the sales price variance is negative. This only indicates that company is selling more products by reducing the prices of the products. Lee et al. (2012) mentioned that price of the products is mainly calculated based on demand and supply of the product. Direct material variances; usage and price: Direct material price variance Particulars Amount Actual quantity 7,000 Actual price 28 Standard price 30 Direct material price variance (17,500) Table 6: Depicting the Direct material price variance (Source: as created by author) Direct material usage variance Particulars Amount Actual quantity 7,000 Standard quantity 6,400 Standard price 30 Direct material usage variance 18,000 Table 7: Depicting the direct material usage variance (Source: as created by author) With the help of table 6 and 7, the overall variance of direct material usage and price can be evaluated. Moreover, the material price variance is mainly negative, which depicts the overall decline in costs of the overall material. In addition, the material usage variance has mainly increased from the expected budget, which states the demand of quantity is high. The actual production is relatively high, which states the high amount of quantity needed by the company to support the rising demand. Kaplan and Atkinson (2015) stated that with the help of variance analysis companies are able to improve the budget process and reduce the overall negative impact from external forces. The decline in actual production price is relatively adequate, however, the assumption of the material usage is negative, which might reduce continuity of the production process. Direct labour variances; efficiency and rate: Direct labour efficiency variance Particulars Amount Actual hours 8,500 Standard hours 8,000 Standard rate 25 Direct labour efficiency variance 12,500 Table 8: Depicting the Direct labour efficiency variance (Source: as created by author) Direct labour rate variance Particulars Amount Actual quantity 8,500 Actual rate 26 Standard rate 25 Direct labour rate variance 8,500 Table 9: Depicting the Direct labour rate variance (Source: as created by author) Table 8 and 9, mainly states the overall direct labour rate and efficiency variance, which might be used by the company to depict a more fruitful budget in future. Both direct labour rate and efficiency has a positive variance, which states that the budgeted rate was not adequate to support activities of the company. The increase in production led to the rise in demand for labour hours, which raised the overall direct production cost of the company. Hofstede and Shinzato (2012) stated the evaluation of direct labour hours and labour rate helps in detecting the cost reduction, which might be conducted by the company to support the overall profitability. Gabillon, Ghavamzadeh and Lazaric (2012) argued that variance in direct labour rate is viable as the overall cost mainly comes from the excess or shortage of labour available to the company. Fixed overhead variance and spending: Fixed overhead variance spending Particulars Amount Actual fixed overhead 130,000 Budget fixed overhead 128,000 Fixed overhead variance spending 2,000 Table 10: Depicting the fixed overhead variance spending (Source: as created by author) With the help of table 10, fixed overhead variance spending could be evaluated, which might be used in understanding the overall changes in budget assumption. Moreover, the 2000 excess amount is spend in the fixed overhead by the company, which states the rising cost incurred from the production process. This value mainly states the rise in quantity will also raise the overall fixed cost of production. Chong and Mahama (2014) stated that determination of changes in fixed cost might mainly help companies to prepare an effective budget, which might support its future endeavours. Depicting the suggestion to improve cost control: After the evaluation of overall budget of Orchid Ltd, the relative variance is seen rising, which might negatively affect the overall profitability of the company in the end. Moreover, the use of Zero based budgeting system might mainly help the company to reduce the overall cost and improve its profit generation capacity. The zero based budgeting system might mainly help in reducing and controlling the overly cost of the company, which in turn might help in depicting an effective budget that could support its future endeavors (Boudt, Carl and Peterson 2012). Reference and Bibliography: Boudt, K., Carl, P. and Peterson, B.G., 2012. Asset allocation with conditional value-at-risk budgets.Journal of Risk,15(3), pp.39-68. Chong, K.M. and Mahama, H., 2014. The impact of interactive and diagnostic uses of budgets on team effectiveness.Management Accounting Research,25(3), pp.206-222. Gabillon, V., Ghavamzadeh, M. and Lazaric, A., 2012. Best arm identification: A unified approach to fixed budget and fixed confidence. InAdvances in Neural Information Processing Systems(pp. 3212-3220). Hofstede, G.H. ed and Shinzato, T., 2012.The game of budget control. Routledge. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Lee, L.H., Pujowidianto, N.A., Li, L.W., Chen, C.H. and Yap, C.M., 2012. Approximate simulation budget allocation for selecting the best design in the presence of stochastic constraints.IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control,57(11), pp.2940-2945. Quan, N., Yin, J., Ng, S.H. and Lee, L.H., 2013. Simulation optimization via kriging: a sequential search using expected improvement with computing budget constraints.Iie Transactions,45(7), pp.763-780. WorksLand, C., 2015. The current year to date budget variance is mainly due to a large land purchase that has occurred earlier than expected when the 2015/16 Budget was prepared.There is also an additional land purchase that is funded from a Development Contribution Plan, that was not expected at the time of preparing the,16.

The railroad in the United States Essay Example

The railroad in the United States Essay In the simplest manner: the railroad changed the face of a nation. The railroad in the United States changed how people traveled, did business, and how Washington governed people. The railroad created new standards and new laws that still affect the way we live today. It helped create a new type of wealth that had never been seen before and became the first big business in the United States. Without the railroads impact, it would be difficult to fathom where the United States and the world would be today.The golden age of the railroad is considered to be by many the period that stretched between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the First World War.1 Railroading from 1865 to 1929 covers the great expansion, the golden age and the beginning decline of the railroad. The emergence of the modern America, and the beginning of the Great Depression of the United States also can be seen within these dates; this emphasizes the large role that the railroads had in the industrializa tion of the America. It is clear that the history of the United States coincides with the history of the railroad; during these times the railroad played a vital a vital role in thebuilding of the United States. But, the relationship was symbiotic, because it is also possible to see that the direction in which the country was going played a role in how the railroad was formed, controlled, and regulated. Truly, the railroad is a form of transportation that helped make the United States what it is today.The year 1865 finally brought an end to war that had sliced a nation in half. The war, however, was not a destructive force to the railroads. With the exception of the southern lines, American railroads were generally in excellent shape in 1865.2 The Civil War brought new strength to the American railroads. The need to provide for the war had caused the railroads of the United States to expand by as much as 35,500 miles at the end of the war.3 The War had brought new strength to the ra ilroads and the railroads were now standing before their golden age. This golden age began with a big bang: the completion of the transcontinental railway.The story of the transcontinental railway could very well be suited for a Hollywood movie. It involves corruption, greed, great visions, and great strength. Public demand for a transcontinental railway was originally inspired by a proposal made in 1836 by the American statesmen John Plumbe and Robert John Walker.4 The demand for therailway was later increased with the arrival of the gold rush in 1849. In 1861, the Pacific Railway Bill was passed, this bill called for the building of the transcontinental line to be done by two companies, Union Pacific Company and the Central Pacific Company. The job of the Union Pacific Company was to build west from Omaha, while the job of the Central Pacific Company was to build east from Sacramento5. The bill also called for the companies to receive a right-of-way strip for their line (and whate ver they needed for rail yards, sidings, and other facilities), as well as five alternate land sections on each side of the track.6 The companies were also offered loans that went from $16,000 per mile of track in the lowlands to as much as $48,000 a mile in the mountainous regions.7The Union Pacific got of to slow start until they acquired a good engineer by thename of General Dodge, who was one of Shermans Civil War railroad men. UnderGeneral Dodges direction the work on the Union Pacific soon took on a furious pace and a military atmosphere; military preparedness and quickness were exactly what was needed to deal with the hostile Indians.Life on the Central Pacific was by no means pleasant, but they did not have much a problem with the Indians.8 However, one thing that was a problem on the Central Pacific was the lack of labor. California, being largely uninhabited at the time, did not provide a large labor resource; and so the managers of the Central Pacific had to look elsewher e for their labor needs. One of the places they looked for new labor was China. The Chinese turned out to be well suited for the job, and at one point nine-tenths of the labor force of the Central Pacific was Chinese.Eventually the two the companies came within sight of each other, and a meeting place for the two rails was designated. The meeting place chosen was a waterless basin of sagebrush just north of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. This place was called Promontory Point. It was decided that the two companies would meet and there would be a greatceremony to connect the railways. The ceremony was planned, and all of the railroad officials and dignitaries came to drive in the final spike. On May 10, 1869, this event finally took place. The driving in of the final spike came with a little embarrassment: First, one of the leaders of Central Pacific went up to drive in the golden spike and missed; next, the leader of the Union Pacific stepped up to drive in the golden spike and he too missed.9 Eventually, the final spike was driven in: though it is not clear who actually did it. Despite all this, the nation celebrated for the Atlantic coast and the Pacific coast had at last become connected by rail; and the railroad now stood on threshold of its golden age.The years following the completion of the transcontinental line brought an abundance of new railways. The rail network in the United States went from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 164,000 miles in 1890. This building was brought to an all-time high, when in 1916 the total length of the rail network in the United States reached 254,000 miles.10With such a rapid pace of construction, the building in the half-century after the Civil War led to an average annual construction, of over 4,000 miles a year. Even though this rapid construction was not equally spread throughout the country, every area did see some expansion.The transcontinental rail also led to great expansion in the West. The transcontinental railway, and th e railways following, brought eastern markets within a few days of western grain and cattle lands, and eventually helped create great cities in the West itself.11 The new railways of the West also brought about the virtual extermination of the buffalo. The new rails cut the herds in half and destroyed their natural habitat. It also became a game for people heading west on the railway to shoot the animal from their train window.12Now that the railroad spanned across the continent, the railroad was becoming a major player in the expansion of industry. The industry of the United States was rapidly expanding, and the railroad was becoming more than just a small factor in a great group of expanding industries. Railroads encouraged growth not only through the offering of their transport services, but also through the transportation need, of other industries. Railroads were not only the biggest shippers of industrial products; they were also American industrys best customers.13 The railroa ds became a huge buyer of steel, coal, lumber, and oil. To say that the railroad was an important factor in the industrialization of America is a huge understatement. The railroad became the pulse of industry and was considered by many the leading factor in the expansion of industry in the United States.While the network of rails was spreading, great financial networks were also developing. Groups of once independent railroad companies were grabbed up and consolidated to form large railroad systems.14 One prime example of this was The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, which were formed by the consolidation of about 200 originally independent lines.The large consolidation brought about the need for new standards and new technology that would help the railroad continue to grow and operate more efficiently. One of the new standards that was needed was a standard gauge for the railroads to operate on. This was needed because the expansion of the rails had now brought the need to move the freight from one line to another. This was not possible because throughout the country there were different gauges. For example in the south the popular gauge was five feet, but on other railroads like the Erie the gauge was six feet. It was decided amongst railroads that a standard must decided on, and that standard became four feet, eight and one half inches.15Another standard that was created and is still used today is standardized time. Until the movement for Standard Time, each town had its own time. There were, for example, thirty-eight different times in the state of Wisconsin alone. Given the amount of different times, the speed of trains, and the distance these trains traveled. This spelled one thing: complete chaos. Eventually the problem was solved in 1883, when the General Time Convention was held by the railroads. At this convention it was decided that the continental United States would be broken up into four standard time zones. People soon found it easy t o set their clocks by railroad time, and thus the railroad standard became a national standard.Other technological innovations that were created to aid the expansion and consolidation of the railways were: the use of steel rails, the automatic coupler, and the air brake. The automatic coupler allowed a coupler to close on impact, but still be able to open from the side of the car. The air brake, invented by George Westinghouse, allowed trains to stop much quicker than they had been able to in the past.Besides bringing about new technology, the consolidation of the railways also brought about the great railroad barons. The railroad had become a likely stop for the strong businessmen interested in making millions by manipulating the rail system. But in gaining such immense power, many railroad builders and consolidators became unethical and ruthless in their business practices. Watered stock, stock market rigging, corrupt rate wars, rebating and labor violence all became part of the n ew railroad picture. 16Railroad barons like Jay Gould James Fisk were masters at these tricks. One example of how money was made was by stock watering, which was the process of increasing the number of shares of a company without adding to the companys assets.17Perhaps one of the greatest of the great railroad barons was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Originally from the steamboat business, Vanderbilt gained control of such railroads as the New York Central and the Erie through ruthless business practices. A prime example of Vanderbilts ruthless practices is how he obtained control over the New York Central Railroad. Vanderbilt was frustrated with the current managers of the New York Central because they often bypassed his railroad when sending freight into New York City. So, Vanderbilt simply stopped shipping their freight and passengers one day. The New York Central stock rapidly began to drop on Wall Street because of Vanderbilts actions. Seeing that the stock was now cheap, Van derbilt began buy up the stock while it was cheap, and the company eventually fell into his hands.18 But practices like this could only go on for so long.The railroads activities had become too corrupt for most people and were beginning to become a financial burden for many farmers and business owners. Business owners and farmers began to resent the railroad and decided that something must be done. Taking the initiative was a group called the Patrons of Husbandry, popularly known as the Grange. The Grange was originally formed as a social group to bring farmers out of the isolation of their farmhouses.19 They had picnics, suppers, and other events, that well frequently held at the local Grange Hall. However, as railroad abuse increased the group shifted from entertainment purposes to more political purposes.The Grangers bonded together to establish many things that helped farmers, but their primary purpose eventually became to bring reform to the railroads.20 The Grangers quickly gr ew in size and gained enough power to elect people free of railroad influence, in the state legislatures. They pushed for new laws that would regulate the railroads monopolies, and eventually succeeded. But the Grangers success only came at the state level through what were called Granger laws. Even though these laws were aimed to regulate monopolies, though such things as freight and passenger rates, they were easily evaded by the railroads. However, some progress had been won. The nation was beginning to shift from an attitude of laissez-faire capitalism to a more progressive state of mind.One of the biggest things people learned from the Granger laws was that reform of the railroads was going to have to take place on a national level. In 1885, a Senate committee conducted an investigation of railroad business practices. The final report from the committee listed the familiar abuses of the railroads, such as watered stock and unreasonably high rates. This investigation made it cle ar that Federal Government must do something and in 1887 it did. The Interstate Commerce Act, in language that was perhaps deliberately vague, required that all interstate rates be reasonable and just and prohibited the familiar competitive practices of rebates, drawbacks, and pools.21 The act also required that the railroad publish their rate schedules and file them with the government. An Interstate Commerce Commission was created to administer the act and enforce it. The success of the Interstate Commerce Act was short lived and was easily evaded because of its loose wording.22 In 1890 the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it too failed in regulating the railroads because of loose wording.23The move for railroad regulation was ultimately lost until the arrival of Theodore Roosevelt and a strong Progressive movement. Roosevelt considered railroad regulation to be a major issue and strongly moved for the greater empowerment of the Interstate Commerce Commission. His wish was gr anted in 1906 when the Hepburn Act was passed. The Hepburn Act greatly extended the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It also abolished the granting of passes and made the laws against rebates stronger.24 Following the Hepburn Act, were more and more laws aimed at regulating therailroads. As the new regulations went into effect, the railroad slowly began to slip down hill. But concern with the regulations was turned away from with the arrival of the First World War.Many problems faced the railroads as America entered World War I in 1917. One was the increase of rail traffic caused by the war. The railroads became very busy and subsequently operating cost rose. The railroads began to lose money due to the Interstate Commerce Commissions hold on the rates.25 Another problem that faced the railroads during World War I was that of management. Railroad executives found it very difficult to operate their rail lines together during the war. The creation of a railroad War Board w as an attempt to help the situation, but it did not work very well. Eventually it was decided by the government that they must take over, so an act was passed that allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to control the movement, distribution, and exchange of railroad cars. This too failed because the commission was inept in exercising its authority. Given all the failed attempts, the government decided in 1918 to take complete control of the railroad.26 The government remained in charge of the railroad until the Transportation Act of 1920, which called for their return to private management.The future was not bright for the railroads: ever since the arrival of the First World War the railroads had experienced a general decline. This was due mostly to the development of new types of transportation. Millions now owned Henry Fords model T automobile, and various other cars.27 The twenties brought the arrival of motorbuses, which also took away from the railroads business. Other new forms of transportation, such as trucks and airplanes, also took their toll on the business of the railway. So, as the nation was roaring through the Twenties and heading for the Great Depression, the railroad was becoming ever increasingly a thing of the past.If there is to be an a lasting lesson from the history of the railroads from 1865-1929 it is that major industrial innovations can only live an unregulated life for so long. The United Stated was a booming country experiencing wide spread industrialization. The railroad was an essential part of this boom, but railroads had to change just as the to country had to change. The free going attitude of laissez-faire can only last so long in a country where equality and fairness before the law are valued. The railroads fully rode the first wave of industrialization and faded into the background when their time had come. The significance of the railroad will probably never be fully realized, but their impact will always be felt. The railroad in the United States Essay Example The railroad in the United States Essay In the simplest manner: the railroad changed the face of a nation. The railroad in the United States changed how people traveled, did business, and how Washington governed people. The railroad created new standards and new laws that still affect the way we live today. It helped create a new type of wealth that had never been seen before and became the first big business in the United States. Without the railroads impact, it would be difficult to fathom where the United States and the world would be today.The golden age of the railroad is considered to be by many the period that stretched between the end of the Civil War and the beginning of the First World War.1 Railroading from 1865 to 1929 covers the great expansion, the golden age and the beginning decline of the railroad. The emergence of the modern America, and the beginning of the Great Depression of the United States also can be seen within these dates; this emphasizes the large role that the railroads had in the industrializa tion of the America. It is clear that the history of the United States coincides with the history of the railroad; during these times the railroad played a vital a vital role in thebuilding of the United States. But, the relationship was symbiotic, because it is also possible to see that the direction in which the country was going played a role in how the railroad was formed, controlled, and regulated. Truly, the railroad is a form of transportation that helped make the United States what it is today.The year 1865 finally brought an end to war that had sliced a nation in half. The war, however, was not a destructive force to the railroads. With the exception of the southern lines, American railroads were generally in excellent shape in 1865.2 The Civil War brought new strength to the American railroads. The need to provide for the war had caused the railroads of the United States to expand by as much as 35,500 miles at the end of the war.3 The War had brought new strength to the ra ilroads and the railroads were now standing before their golden age. This golden age began with a big bang: the completion of the transcontinental railway.The story of the transcontinental railway could very well be suited for a Hollywood movie. It involves corruption, greed, great visions, and great strength. Public demand for a transcontinental railway was originally inspired by a proposal made in 1836 by the American statesmen John Plumbe and Robert John Walker.4 The demand for therailway was later increased with the arrival of the gold rush in 1849. In 1861, the Pacific Railway Bill was passed, this bill called for the building of the transcontinental line to be done by two companies, Union Pacific Company and the Central Pacific Company. The job of the Union Pacific Company was to build west from Omaha, while the job of the Central Pacific Company was to build east from Sacramento5. The bill also called for the companies to receive a right-of-way strip for their line (and whate ver they needed for rail yards, sidings, and other facilities), as well as five alternate land sections on each side of the track.6 The companies were also offered loans that went from $16,000 per mile of track in the lowlands to as much as $48,000 a mile in the mountainous regions.7The Union Pacific got of to slow start until they acquired a good engineer by thename of General Dodge, who was one of Shermans Civil War railroad men. UnderGeneral Dodges direction the work on the Union Pacific soon took on a furious pace and a military atmosphere; military preparedness and quickness were exactly what was needed to deal with the hostile Indians.Life on the Central Pacific was by no means pleasant, but they did not have much a problem with the Indians.8 However, one thing that was a problem on the Central Pacific was the lack of labor. California, being largely uninhabited at the time, did not provide a large labor resource; and so the managers of the Central Pacific had to look elsewher e for their labor needs. One of the places they looked for new labor was China. The Chinese turned out to be well suited for the job, and at one point nine-tenths of the labor force of the Central Pacific was Chinese.Eventually the two the companies came within sight of each other, and a meeting place for the two rails was designated. The meeting place chosen was a waterless basin of sagebrush just north of the Great Salt Lake in Utah. This place was called Promontory Point. It was decided that the two companies would meet and there would be a greatceremony to connect the railways. The ceremony was planned, and all of the railroad officials and dignitaries came to drive in the final spike. On May 10, 1869, this event finally took place. The driving in of the final spike came with a little embarrassment: First, one of the leaders of Central Pacific went up to drive in the golden spike and missed; next, the leader of the Union Pacific stepped up to drive in the golden spike and he too missed.9 Eventually, the final spike was driven in: though it is not clear who actually did it. Despite all this, the nation celebrated for the Atlantic coast and the Pacific coast had at last become connected by rail; and the railroad now stood on threshold of its golden age.The years following the completion of the transcontinental line brought an abundance of new railways. The rail network in the United States went from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 164,000 miles in 1890. This building was brought to an all-time high, when in 1916 the total length of the rail network in the United States reached 254,000 miles.10With such a rapid pace of construction, the building in the half-century after the Civil War led to an average annual construction, of over 4,000 miles a year. Even though this rapid construction was not equally spread throughout the country, every area did see some expansion.The transcontinental rail also led to great expansion in the West. The transcontinental railway, and th e railways following, brought eastern markets within a few days of western grain and cattle lands, and eventually helped create great cities in the West itself.11 The new railways of the West also brought about the virtual extermination of the buffalo. The new rails cut the herds in half and destroyed their natural habitat. It also became a game for people heading west on the railway to shoot the animal from their train window.12Now that the railroad spanned across the continent, the railroad was becoming a major player in the expansion of industry. The industry of the United States was rapidly expanding, and the railroad was becoming more than just a small factor in a great group of expanding industries. Railroads encouraged growth not only through the offering of their transport services, but also through the transportation need, of other industries. Railroads were not only the biggest shippers of industrial products; they were also American industrys best customers.13 The railroa ds became a huge buyer of steel, coal, lumber, and oil. To say that the railroad was an important factor in the industrialization of America is a huge understatement. The railroad became the pulse of industry and was considered by many the leading factor in the expansion of industry in the United States.While the network of rails was spreading, great financial networks were also developing. Groups of once independent railroad companies were grabbed up and consolidated to form large railroad systems.14 One prime example of this was The New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad, which were formed by the consolidation of about 200 originally independent lines.The large consolidation brought about the need for new standards and new technology that would help the railroad continue to grow and operate more efficiently. One of the new standards that was needed was a standard gauge for the railroads to operate on. This was needed because the expansion of the rails had now brought the need to move the freight from one line to another. This was not possible because throughout the country there were different gauges. For example in the south the popular gauge was five feet, but on other railroads like the Erie the gauge was six feet. It was decided amongst railroads that a standard must decided on, and that standard became four feet, eight and one half inches.15Another standard that was created and is still used today is standardized time. Until the movement for Standard Time, each town had its own time. There were, for example, thirty-eight different times in the state of Wisconsin alone. Given the amount of different times, the speed of trains, and the distance these trains traveled. This spelled one thing: complete chaos. Eventually the problem was solved in 1883, when the General Time Convention was held by the railroads. At this convention it was decided that the continental United States would be broken up into four standard time zones. People soon found it easy t o set their clocks by railroad time, and thus the railroad standard became a national standard.Other technological innovations that were created to aid the expansion and consolidation of the railways were: the use of steel rails, the automatic coupler, and the air brake. The automatic coupler allowed a coupler to close on impact, but still be able to open from the side of the car. The air brake, invented by George Westinghouse, allowed trains to stop much quicker than they had been able to in the past.Besides bringing about new technology, the consolidation of the railways also brought about the great railroad barons. The railroad had become a likely stop for the strong businessmen interested in making millions by manipulating the rail system. But in gaining such immense power, many railroad builders and consolidators became unethical and ruthless in their business practices. Watered stock, stock market rigging, corrupt rate wars, rebating and labor violence all became part of the n ew railroad picture. 16Railroad barons like Jay Gould James Fisk were masters at these tricks. One example of how money was made was by stock watering, which was the process of increasing the number of shares of a company without adding to the companys assets.17Perhaps one of the greatest of the great railroad barons was Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Originally from the steamboat business, Vanderbilt gained control of such railroads as the New York Central and the Erie through ruthless business practices. A prime example of Vanderbilts ruthless practices is how he obtained control over the New York Central Railroad. Vanderbilt was frustrated with the current managers of the New York Central because they often bypassed his railroad when sending freight into New York City. So, Vanderbilt simply stopped shipping their freight and passengers one day. The New York Central stock rapidly began to drop on Wall Street because of Vanderbilts actions. Seeing that the stock was now cheap, Van derbilt began buy up the stock while it was cheap, and the company eventually fell into his hands.18 But practices like this could only go on for so long.The railroads activities had become too corrupt for most people and were beginning to become a financial burden for many farmers and business owners. Business owners and farmers began to resent the railroad and decided that something must be done. Taking the initiative was a group called the Patrons of Husbandry, popularly known as the Grange. The Grange was originally formed as a social group to bring farmers out of the isolation of their farmhouses.19 They had picnics, suppers, and other events, that well frequently held at the local Grange Hall. However, as railroad abuse increased the group shifted from entertainment purposes to more political purposes.The Grangers bonded together to establish many things that helped farmers, but their primary purpose eventually became to bring reform to the railroads.20 The Grangers quickly gr ew in size and gained enough power to elect people free of railroad influence, in the state legislatures. They pushed for new laws that would regulate the railroads monopolies, and eventually succeeded. But the Grangers success only came at the state level through what were called Granger laws. Even though these laws were aimed to regulate monopolies, though such things as freight and passenger rates, they were easily evaded by the railroads. However, some progress had been won. The nation was beginning to shift from an attitude of laissez-faire capitalism to a more progressive state of mind.One of the biggest things people learned from the Granger laws was that reform of the railroads was going to have to take place on a national level. In 1885, a Senate committee conducted an investigation of railroad business practices. The final report from the committee listed the familiar abuses of the railroads, such as watered stock and unreasonably high rates. This investigation made it cle ar that Federal Government must do something and in 1887 it did. The Interstate Commerce Act, in language that was perhaps deliberately vague, required that all interstate rates be reasonable and just and prohibited the familiar competitive practices of rebates, drawbacks, and pools.21 The act also required that the railroad publish their rate schedules and file them with the government. An Interstate Commerce Commission was created to administer the act and enforce it. The success of the Interstate Commerce Act was short lived and was easily evaded because of its loose wording.22 In 1890 the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it too failed in regulating the railroads because of loose wording.23The move for railroad regulation was ultimately lost until the arrival of Theodore Roosevelt and a strong Progressive movement. Roosevelt considered railroad regulation to be a major issue and strongly moved for the greater empowerment of the Interstate Commerce Commission. His wish was gr anted in 1906 when the Hepburn Act was passed. The Hepburn Act greatly extended the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission. It also abolished the granting of passes and made the laws against rebates stronger.24 Following the Hepburn Act, were more and more laws aimed at regulating therailroads. As the new regulations went into effect, the railroad slowly began to slip down hill. But concern with the regulations was turned away from with the arrival of the First World War.Many problems faced the railroads as America entered World War I in 1917. One was the increase of rail traffic caused by the war. The railroads became very busy and subsequently operating cost rose. The railroads began to lose money due to the Interstate Commerce Commissions hold on the rates.25 Another problem that faced the railroads during World War I was that of management. Railroad executives found it very difficult to operate their rail lines together during the war. The creation of a railroad War Board w as an attempt to help the situation, but it did not work very well. Eventually it was decided by the government that they must take over, so an act was passed that allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission to control the movement, distribution, and exchange of railroad cars. This too failed because the commission was inept in exercising its authority. Given all the failed attempts, the government decided in 1918 to take complete control of the railroad.26 The government remained in charge of the railroad until the Transportation Act of 1920, which called for their return to private management.The future was not bright for the railroads: ever since the arrival of the First World War the railroads had experienced a general decline. This was due mostly to the development of new types of transportation. Millions now owned Henry Fords model T automobile, and various other cars.27 The twenties brought the arrival of motorbuses, which also took away from the railroads business. Other new forms of transportation, such as trucks and airplanes, also took their toll on the business of the railway. So, as the nation was roaring through the Twenties and heading for the Great Depression, the railroad was becoming ever increasingly a thing of the past.If there is to be an a lasting lesson from the history of the railroads from 1865-1929 it is that major industrial innovations can only live an unregulated life for so long. The United Stated was a booming country experiencing wide spread industrialization. The railroad was an essential part of this boom, but railroads had to change just as the to country had to change. The free going attitude of laissez-faire can only last so long in a country where equality and fairness before the law are valued. The railroads fully rode the first wave of industrialization and faded into the background when their time had come. The significance of the railroad will probably never be fully realized, but their impact will always be felt.

Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essays

Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essays Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essay Fashion Selling Promotion Report Essay The adage, Better late than never has really turned out to be true for fashion industry. Fashion brands, until very recently, had clearly abstained from social media, except for sales and promotion purposes. For them, social media had always been a weakening aspect, which would create a distance between their products and the target consumers. However, the reality is quite different. Followed by the social media exposure, fashion insiders found it as a bridge that actually narrowed down the chasm. . For those in the fashion Industry, who have not yet boarded the social media ship that rides to the shore of success, heres a leaf out of the books of those, who already have and made it big: ;. Images, images and more images: Particularly for the fashion industry, visuals on social media can get you that much sought after marketing and sales boost. In fact, a cleverly chosen image can beat 1 000 tweets or a million Likes worth of the visibility in the world of social media. So go for more and more visually aided ad-campaigns, especially utilizing a slew Of visual content based social media platforms such as Pinsetters, Mainstream and Tumble. A bonus: According to Subtropical, 74% of consumers rely on social media to make any purchase decisions. Different customer, different products: Every social media platform differentiates itself in terms of the segment of he users. So one must use discretion and keep in mind the kind of user segment on one of each of these social media platforms to showcase their products or advertise on the concerned channels. For instance, Twitter is full of tech-users while Backbone is for everyone, so your odds of effectively publicizing tech-gadgetry on Twitter are better than that on Backbone. Capitalize on the customers fantasies: An effective social media sales and marketing campaign by a fashion brand doesnt only push its products or services but also tells their target audience a story, to which they are able to relate. So, understand their dreams, hand them the means to realize them and they will pay you an obscenely huge figure for it. : Make your customers your brand ambassador: In line with the latest trends of social media marketing, you can play with the idea of making your fans sell your brand. Feature your fans in your adverts and you will build a bigger fan base, star-struck with the dreams of being featured by their preferred brand. Instead Of hiring Someone already famous, make your fans the Stars of your brand and you will get all of the desired visibility and sales figures crunching. ;. Keep a track of the social media trends: Everyone worships the rising sun. Choose the social media platforms you want to paint in your colors wisely. The industry is extremely volatile and what today might be the most happening place to be on the Internet; may not be anywhere close to popular tomorrow. Whatever it is, you surely want to cash in on the huge influx of users who appear on it overnight, as the word spreads. So watch the popularity trends closely.

MLA Referencing †Citing an Edited Book (Proofread My Paper)

MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA Referencing – Citing an Edited Book MLA referencing offers a simple way of citing sources in a college paper. However, for an edited book, there are some rules you need to remember, especially on the â€Å"† page. First, though, let’s take a quick look at citing sources in the text. In-Text Citations When citing something from an edited book in MLA, give the surname of the author of the section cited and the relevant page number(s) in parentheses: Communication can influence an individual’s expectations (Smith 253). As with other source types, you do not need to repeat the name of the author in citations when they’re already named in the text: According to Smith, communication is â€Å"one of the means by which an individual can influence another individual’s expectations† (253). The only time you’ll need to cite the editor or editors is when citing an edited volume as a whole, but this would be unusual most of the time. The Page (Chapter from an Edited Book) MLA requires that all sources cited are listed in a â€Å"† page at the end of your document. When citing a single chapter from an edited book, the format to use is: Author Surname, Forename. â€Å"Chapter Title.† Edited Book Title, edited by Editor’s Name, Publisher, Year, Page Range. As such, the essay used in the examples above would appear as: Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Readings in Animal Cognition, edited by Mark Bekoff and Dale Jamieson, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 243-55. The Page (Multiple Chapters) This format differs slightly if you’re citing several chapters from the same edited book, as MLA referencing allows you to cross-reference entries to save repeating information. This involves first adding a separate entry in the â€Å"† list for the volume as a whole: Editor Surname, Forename, editor(s). Title of Book. Publisher, Year of Publication. If a book has multiple editors, you only need to invert the names of the first author. We would therefore list Readings in Animal Cognition as: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. After this, each essay from the edited volume can be listed separately, mentioning the editor(s) of the edited book and page range to show where they come from: Bekoff, Mark and Dale Jamieson, editors. Readings in Animal Cognition. MIT Press, 1996. Gruen, Lori. â€Å"Gendered Knowledge? Examining Influences on Scientific and Ethological Inquiries.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 17-27. Smith, John W. â€Å"Communication and Expectations: A Social Process and the Cognitive Operations It Depends Upon and Influences.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 243-55. Thornhill, Randy. â€Å"The Study of Adaptation.† Bekoff and Jamieson, pp. 107-27. Finally, remember to maintain alphabetical order by surname throughout your â€Å"† page. This order must be used even if it means that chapters from an edited book aren’t listed together.

Analysis of the Present and the Future Based on History Essay

Analysis of the Present and the Future Based on History - Essay Example He predicts that no shots will be fired, instead the three imperial rivals will woo and coerce, relying on distinct styles. The United States bids military protection, along with the promise of democracy and human rights. The European Union hangs down the prospect of affiliation with the world’s most successful economic club. China talks trade, investment and infrastructure projects with its would-be client states. (Khanna 09) Mr Kotkin is an optimist urban scholar. In stark contrast to Mr Khanna’s â€Å"Second World†, Mr. Kotkin in his book "The Next Hundred Million," looked deep into the opportunities America has to maintain it rule as a world power in the future. He shed light on the facts like Americas population is expected to expand dramatically in coming decades and points to a slowly rising birth rate and to the continuing in-migration of young workers from poorer countries. Apart from this he mentioned that most of Americas population growth between 2000 and 2050 will be in its racial minorities providing it a wide ethnic diversity unmatched to any other developed regions in the world. Mr. Kotkin in translates population growth into economic vitality, the capacity to create wealth, raise the standard of living and meet the burdens of future commitments. Thus in relative terms a country with a youthful demographic enjoys a big advantage over its global counterparts. In the upcoming decades most of the developed countries in both Europe and Asia will transform into old-age homes due to the stagnant population growth. And thus the state apparatus of such economies will face crushing pension obligations and without the young workers cost couldn’t be defrayed. (Kotkin 11) In one sense the two books contradict each other, Mr. Khanna in the â€Å"Second World" argues that the United States is in decline as a World

Personal biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal biography - Essay Example Armed with the knowledge and skill I gained from university and my determination to succeed, I began my career as an office clerk at Rainbow International Trading in Montreal. My intellect, expertise, and abilities promoted me to a supervisory position in less than a year. This new position widened the scope of my responsibility and in the process, furthered my strengths and competency. Wanting to build another career with a new organization, I served as a communication production assistant with the primary task of corresponding with stakeholders. Part of my job is the transacting with different financial institutions and the creation of spreadsheet reports utilizing my knowledge in accounting and expertise in Microsoft Excel. In 1999, I began to pursue a career in finance by joining the team of London Life as a financial security planning advisor. This position gave me a sense of pride and fulfillment as I was awarded the 1999 Honor Award being one of the only two members employed in less than two years to generate $2 million annual sales credit. To further enhance my skill in finance, I opted to become a sales assistant in RBC Investment Services (Asia) Limited. I went home to Hong Kong in 2001 to manage our family business. Currently, I am a Group Assistant manager overseeing the 2000 employees in our artificial flower manufacturing.

Prosperity of Australia Essay Example for Free

Prosperity of Australia Essay Presently there are about 3. 6 million people who are living on less than $A400 per week. Around two million Australians are living in poor conditions with only one earning person in a single family. Nearly 700,000 children growing in families where none of both the parents have a full time job. Among the poorest only 20 per cent of population hold government service. The Democrats are debating on the issue of poverty in Australia, with a concrete fact that over the past decades there has been a continuous economic growth in Australia despite of which the poor were worst effected and the prosperity of Australia has not reached the poor. This has been further supported by Government by reducing the incomes of many single parents and of disabled people, which has contributed to the growth of higher poverty. Living in poverty is a struggle and affects families in physical and mental health. It can even be stated here that ‘healthy families make a healthy society’ and societies make a state and healthy states make a healthy nation. The importance and significance of healthy families is much larger and plays a pivotal role in making a happier and prosperous nation. There are segregations about class living and style such as ‘middle class’ ‘upper middle class’, ‘luxurious class’ and last, not least ‘poor class’ which receive a minute attention in all aspects of health care, nutrition and in efforting to make both ends meet which is a great responsibility of governments to provide food and shelter as a basic need for living. The pestilence of poverty is tiresome and requires a great amount of effort and hard work from the end of governments to create job opportunities, encouraging new small and big industries, encouraging basic education and providing some discounted facilities for further advancement in education, creating new and innovative career and job opportunities or self-employment schemes by providing small amount of financial loans from banks to make a living for poor. As a matter of fact, how much ever new jobs are created either in government, public or private sector, many people are still left not having a seat for job which means that public bodies cannot create jobs till the number of zero and it is for the unemployed to seek and find an area of source through which income can be generated on one side and on the other side, make a happy family. In this regard, computer technology offers a multiplex opportunities and with basic knowledge of computer, unemployed can offer services of various kinds and can make a living by setting SOHO (Small office Home office) Such as this, there are many other professional methods to reduce poverty line and introduce better standards of living among poor people, viz., computer technical jobs, software jobs, application jobs and other electronic communication jobs and even industrial and public sector labor jobs can be advantageous to create job opportunities wherein with minimum education, jobs can be suitably found which would at least enable most of the family members to stay in jobs and endeavor to grow further for hike in salaries. However, these are not as easy as stated and it requires more efforts, job and employment schemes from Governments in the interest and prestige of nation. Otherwise, this would further deteriorate the standards of living of children, elderly and ageing couple, single parented families, young people and students and migrants. According to the survey conducted in the year 2001, there are 100,000 people who are homeless and looking for home assistance. Poverty rate in cities is 10. 5 per cent and it is 12 per cent in other states and territories. It is also to be noted that 6 out of 10 poor Australians are living in capital cities which concludes a fact that both regional areas along with cities have to be equally assisted in development of strategies to remove poverty. In March 2004, there were stringent efforts by Senate Community Affairs Committee has issued a report on poverty and financial hardship which stated that â€Å"â€Å"These key findings presented below serve to illustrate a compelling case that Australia will face a crisis of poverty and disadvantage in the coming years. They carry with them the implication that Australians are increasingly at risk of falling into poverty and indeed more so now than at anytime during the post-war era. What is most disturbing however is the common theme that while poverty is becoming more entrenched and more intractable, the Commonwealth is increasingly abrogating its responsibility to tackle this great indignity inflicted on the Australian people. † The Senate Committee further recommended 95 strategies to be implemented in Australia. Some of the important recommendations are viz. , development of a strategy for providing national jobs, focusing on school education, work and training and how to advance in education without deviating from work, research on skills, wages, where the shortage exists, the reasons for low-pay jobs, the problem of casual workers and job insecurity, a guaranteed work experience of six months for those who were without employment for a period of two years, provision of employment security and social security to casual workers by strengthening work environments and poverty proof wage system which has an economic measuring scale for adequate and satisfied living.

Existentialism Essay -- essays research papers

Existentialism, which spread rapidly over continental Europe after the First World War, is essentially the analysis of the condition of man, of the particular state of being free, and of man's having constantly to use his freedom in order top answer the ever- changing and unexpected challenges of the day. According to the Existentialists, the starting point of every philosophical investigation is concrete human existence. That means that human personality in itself should point the way to the absolute value of reality. A single definition of existentialism is impossible. Definitions, provided by dictionaries are only part of what existentialism is about. †¦central to each definition is the assertion that existentialism is a theory or statement about the nature of man's existence. (1) The term is so difficult to define because, unlike other terms, existentialism is not universal. In other words, there are no two existentialists, which share exactly the same values or beliefs. Al though, here is one major theme: a stress on individual existence, subjectivity, individual freedom, and choice. There are two kinds of existentialist; first those who are Christian, and on the other hand the atheistic existentialists. Many unfamiliar with the subject people associate existentialism with atheism, but they are wrong. The truth is that the majority of existentialists are not atheists. Sartre, which we place among atheists, stress that central concern of philosophy is human existence. He says that human being is a special kind of consciousness (being-for- itself). Everything else is matter (being-in-itself). He believes that human being has no God-given essence and is absolutely free and absolutely responsible. According to him, anguish is the result of the absolute freedom and responsibility. He also says that human existence is absurd and unjustified. Therefore, the goal of human being is to justify his/her existence.(2) Sartre believes that there are those in our history who have established a religion to reassure nothing more than what he calls a "fundamental project ." That means that when we become anguished by the affairs of life we pursue a fundamental project in attempt to flee this anguish. He says that we try to make ourselves Gods in hopes that others would see us divine, and hold us in higher regard. To pursue a fundame... ...ice and this choice was his and his alone. This shows us again that we always have choices, no matter what we might use as an excuse. 1) Barnes, Wesley. "Is Existentialism Definable?" The Philosophy and Literature of Existentialism. Woodbury: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1968 2) Douglas W. Shrader, Ashok K. Malhotra. "Pathways To Philosophy". Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 1996. p. 83-86, 87-93, 97-100 3) Sartre'sThoughtsOnPersonality,http://library.thinkquest.org/18775/sartre/pers.htm 4) As above 5) Roberts, David E. "Introduction" Existentialism and Religious belief" New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. 6) Robert C. Solomon. "The Big Qestions" Harcourt Brace College Publishers, New York, 1998, p.241-273. 7) Soren Kierkergaard,ysiwyg://16/http://www.fortunecity.com/263/exist/kierk.html 8) Existentialism And Soren Kierkergaard, http:www.tameri.com/csw/exist/kierk.html.

The Difference Between Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley

In the 18th century, the British colonies that would eventually become the United States of America contained a wide variety of types of people. America really was a â€Å"New World.† It had not really completely invented itself yet. As a result, there were a wide variety of types of people living in the British American colonies. Benjamin Franklin and Phyllis Wheatley are two examples of Colonialists in America with markedly different backgrounds, lives, and gender and those differences are reflected in what they wrote. Phyllis Wheatley was kidnapped as a child from Africa and sold to a family in Massachusetts. This family recognized her abilities and educated her. Phyllis Wheatley wrote poetry that reflected her refined upbringing in Massachusetts. Benjamin Franklin, on the other hand, essentially ran away from home at the age of 15 and made his own way. He came from a more working-class family. One thing that these very different two people have in common, however, is that they rose from humble beginnings to accomplish things that are still highly regarded today. Wheatley's poetry demonstrates that she must have received a classical education. The language she uses is elaborate and full of symbolism. They reflect high degrees of optimism and idealism. One example of such a poem by Wheatley is â€Å"On Imagination.† In the poem, Wheatley uses metaphor to think of imagination as an â€Å"imperial queen.† In language that would be considered artificial and stilted today, she writes, â€Å"Thy wond'drous acts in beauteous order stand†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The flowery and exalted language compare sharply with Benjamin Franklin's style of writing, which was much more practical and down-to-earth. Much of Franklin's writing was completely practical in nature. In â€Å"Poor Richard's Almanac† he provided information people needed at the time in their everyday lives. He wrote pithy columns for daily or weekly publications about issues that affected people right then. Franklin was a practical man, and although he displayed tremendous imagination, he put it to practical use. While Wheatley was writing about â€Å"Th' empyreal palace of the thund'ring God.† Franklin debated the merits of being married vs. taking an older woman as a mistress. These differences are to be expected. In the 18th century, genteel women – and Wheatley was raised as a genteel woman even though she started her life in America as a slave – did not concern themselves with the practical realities of life. The differences in their writing highlight the fact that although they both grew above their position at birth, Franklin was able to elevate himself more than Wheatley could. Part of this difference undoubtedly lies in their racial differences, and part of it their gender differences. Franklin was an active inventor, a highly imaginative use of creativity. He invented bifocals, a development that resulted in dramatic changes in the manufacture of eyeglasses. He invented the Franklin Stove. Homes were often heated by fireplaces during that time, and only one side of a fireplace released heat into the room. The Franklin Stove stands in the room and is not built into the wall. The result is that heat is released from all sides, providing more heat for the home. While Franklin's work was largely practical, sometimes he applied imagination to life simply out of curiosity. He devised his experiment with a kite and a key because he was curious about lightning, not because he was looking for some way to harness lightning and use It in some practical way. But even then his approach was simple and concrete. He wrote no flowery poem extolling the wonders of lightning after he finished his experiment. It seems likely that if a woman had taken a kite, tied a key to the string and flown the kite in a thunderstorm, people might have thought she had gone mad. The differences between Franklin's and Wheatley's writing may reflect a difference in formal education. Wheatley must have had a formal, classical education to write in the style she did. Her poetry includes references to Greek mythology. We know that Franklin had little formal education. During the 18th century this did not have to interfere with advancement and a high level of education was not required for most jobs. As a printer, it seems likely that skill with his hands would be at least as important as the ability to read and write, skills Franklin clearly developed. But since he was apprenticed to his brother at age 12 and fled to Philadelphia when he was 15 it seems very unlikely that he had an opportunity to study Greek myths. Franklin advanced himself by developing skills that had real market value. He became a very good printer and actually created a franchise for his skills. His writings were widely read. He had a trade, he was very good at it, and because of that he could support himself and his wife well. His wife helped. She ran the store they owned. But she did not start businesses on her own, and while she was certainly entitled to share in her husband's wealth, she would have had a very hard time accomplishing what he accomplished on her own. For instance, Franklin began his first real successful printing enterprise by getting a loan. It seems unlikely that such a loan would have been given to his wife. Wheatley, of course, had the added obstacle of being Black. Interestingly, it appears that being Black was not much of an obstacle for Wheatley, given the times in which she lived. She still received an outstanding education. Instead, the differences between Franklin and Wheatley may be more one of class. Wheatley's poetry suggests an upper class education, whereas Franklin's life and writing suggests a much closer connection to the common man. It also appears that Wheatley was very religious. This is revealed in another of her poems, where she expresses thanks for being brought to America as a slave, because it brought her to Christianity. However, her religious beliefs go well beyond the simple concept of salvation. In â€Å"On Imagination,† she views imagination as God's residence, and writes, â€Å"From star to star the mental optics rove, measure the skies, There in one view we grasp the mighty whole, or with new worlds amaze th' unbounded soul.† She sees God in everything she views, and grasps the enormity of creation. By comparison, Franklin talks about religion in practical terms. In his letter â€Å"Advice on the Choice of a Mistress,† he says that taking an older woman for a mistress is less of a sin than â€Å"debauching a Virgin.† While he mentions sin, most of his letter witty and clever but completely ignores the issue of whether taking a mistress is against God's law or not. His argument is moral: don't ruin a young girls' life just because you don't want to marry – it's not necessary. Franklin wrote directly, and without metaphor, especially the extended ones Wheatley was fond of. He used short sentences that got right to the point, such as â€Å"A stitch in time saves nine.† Wheatley, however, wrote more elaborate expressions. When she admired the paintings of a young African-American, she wrote a 34-line using iambic pentameter – the same meter often chosen by Shakespeare. However, although we know from reading her poem that she admired the paintings, we don't get any clear image of what the painting might have looked like. She spends a good part of the poem in good wishes for the poet: â€Å"Still may the paint's and the poet's fire to aid thy pencil, and thy verse conspire~ And may the charms of each seraphic theme Conduct they footsteps to immortal fame!† By comparison, Franklin gives very specific and practical advice to his friend who does not wish to marry, including 8 reasons he should take an older mistress if he does not marry, including the final one: â€Å"and lastly. They are so grateful!!!† Such earthy humor is not present in the poems of Wheatley's examined here. He also gives humorous advice such as to cover the upper torso of an older lover with a basket, because the head and upper body suffer the ravages of age first. Even when giving intensely personal advice, Franklin is practical as well as entertaining. Franklin seems to enjoy bawdy humor based on this example. However, it should be noted that Franklin may not have intended this letter to be published and may have written in a less graphic style for public consumption. Benjamin Franklin lived a remarkable life. He was apprenticed to his older brother and worked hard for him, only to make his brother jealous of Benjamin's abilities. Benjamin managed to keep his brother's paper operational while the brother was in jail for expressing his beliefs, and wrote a column for it anonymously, slipping his work under the door at night. When he finally revealed to his brother that he was â€Å"Silence Dogood,† his brother only scolded him. Defying the norms of the day, he ran away at age 15. He arrived penniless in Philadelphia but not only created his own fortune, but won the hand of the young woman who first saw him when he arrived in Philadelphia looking quite disreputable. He then parlayed one success into the next, ended up a leader in the emerging new country, and served as the new country's ambassador to France. Franklin seems to have succeeded at everything he attempted to do. With almost no education, he became a famous writer, a founding father of what became a great nation, and an ambassador. He had no advantage of class; upper class youth were educated and not apprenticed to a trade. He seems to have had a talent for recognizing opportunity when it was presented to him, because running away was illegal. Such an action could have begun a serious downward spiral. Instead it was the start of the first of many opportunities Franklin created for himself. Along the way he developed concern for the common good. He organized Philadelphia's first hospital and first fire department. Wheatley's circumstances were quite different. Kidnapped and brought to the U. S. as a slave, she was fortunate to be purchased by a family that educated her. However, she could not have had the opportunities to create her own fortune as Franklin did, both because she was female and because she was Black. One has to wonder how Phyllis Wheatley fit into Massachusetts society as an adult. It would have been difficult for her to find an African-American husband who had her level of education. It just have been quite a shock to many to discover that the beautiful, elaborate poetry had been written by a former slave. It would have been very difficult for her to get a college education. Perhaps she could have been a teacher, maybe for African-American children, but genteel women of the time were not brought up to have some kind of career or trade. That was the province of young men such as Benjamin Franklin. Still, both Franklin and Wheatley seem to have made the best they could of their circumstances. Franklin had an uncanny knack for business and understood the printing trade very well. It probably helped him that he entered this field just as being able to communicate with people via the printed word was going to become very important. The printed word played an important role in rallying colonists around the cause of separating from Great Britain. In spite of what must have been very restrictive circumstances, Wheatley found the perfect outlet for her education, language abilities and intellectual skills in her ornate poetry. In this way, both Franklin epitomized the United States during the 18th century, because for people with talent and determination, America truly was a land of opportunity.

A Mutual Relationship

The issue of forming a mutual relationship between achieving organization strategic needs and the satisfaction of individual employee needs is gaining an increasing importance in today’s business world. It is believed that taking care of the needs and satisfaction of the individual employees is pivotal to achieving strategic goals and objectives of any organization.If an organization does not take great deal of care about the needs and wants of the employees, it won’t be able to be successful and viable for the long period of time.Though, from the short term perspective it may be expensive for the company to satisfy the needs of each individual employee and keep them happy, but in the long term such a company is bound to be more successful than the one which does not care about the needs of its staff. For instance, it must be ensured that the workplace conditions are adequate enough to provide satisfaction to the employees.Organizations that see the value of their emplo yees are prepared to bare the extra cost in return for the high performance by the employees at all levels. Where as, on the other hand, companies who do not value their employees a great deal suffer from a high employee turnover and lower performance levels. (Callaway.L.P). However, it must be noted that not all the needs of employees can be fulfilled especially when such needs are at the cost of company’s strategic aims and objectives.There must be a balance between the fulfillment of employee needs and strategic needs of the company. This balance can be achieved by aligning the strategic needs of the company with that of individual employee’s to create common objectives. Organizations are continuously focusing on aligning the individual employee needs and objectives with that of the organization. The process of aligning individual needs of employees and organization’s strategic objectives is called goal congruence.The agency theory is mostly commonly used by organizations for forming goal congruence between the individuals and overall strategic goals and objectives of the company.Agency theory assumes employees of organization, including managers as agents acting within an organization each pursuing his own set of objectives. For instance, within a particular department of an organization, there are departmental objective. If achieving these departmental goals and objectives lead to the achievement of the overall strategic objectives of the organization, then these is believed to be goal congruence between the two. (opm.gov).The relationship between an organization and employees is referred to as agency relationship, in which managers and employees act as agents for the owners of a company. The conflict in this relationship arises when the agents do not act in the best interests of their principles.The agency problem arises due to the separation of ownership and management of the business. Mostly managers purse their own personal object ives like giving themselves high salaries and perks, and taking a short term profitability perspective rather than focusing on the long term success of the business.This is particularly the case where they don’t have any or very little stake in the equity shares of the company. However, this agency problem can be resolved by what is called an ‘agency theory’. Agency theory tries to bridge the gap between the objectives of organization and personal objectives and needs of employees and managers alike.

Miracle Movie Review Essays

Miracle Movie Review Essays Miracle Movie Review Paper Miracle Movie Review Paper The film is pretty easy to follow and has many breathtaking moments, s long as you enjoy sports. When the US hockey program Is falling to be at Its best, Coach Herb Brooks Is brought in to give the team some direction. Coach Brooks lost his shot at beating the number one team in the world before, and he knows that this could be his last chance. When Coach Brooks chooses his perfect team of hockey players from all around the country, they seem to be in dire need of some discipline. Many of the boys are more interested In settling old rivalries rather than working together to become a team. Herb pushes the boys to the Max until the entire team wants to feat the Intimidating Soviets Just as much as he does. The team practically becomes family as they prepare towards playing the most important hockey game of their lives. In the final moments of the Olympic Games, the film becomes a suspense filled seat clenches. The miracle on ice gave the country hope in a time when it needed it most. The film did a great Job portraying the true story of the US Olympic hockey team in 1980. It showed what was going on at the time In history and how It was affecting everyone. Despite the war going on, the movie stays focused on he amazing talent of the two hockey teams and doesnt make the movie too politically focused as the two teams compete for the gold medal. The united States hockey team that was chosen was full of talented hockey players who know the game well. The movie seems to show Coach Brooks focusing more on training their attitudes off the ice rather than training them on ice for the game. He obviously is an amazing coach on the Ice, however, the movie wanted the audience to see Just how Important It was to really be a team and know what It takes to win the game. The USIA in the movie really helped suit the setting. Showing how close the team had grown, they celebrated Christmas together. The film played songs such as White Christmas and Rocking Round the Christmas Tree. The movie plays a variety of classical musical instrument tunes. These types of songs are great to emphasize how the team is doing in the game. The music is fast paced and has very low and very high parts which make watching the game more Interesting. The closing credits played the song Dream On by Aerostatic. This song Is a perfect song, and makes o feel the happiness that the team is experiencing after their big win. Not just the happiness of winning, but for conquering something that no one believed was possible. It includes the amazing line, Dream until your dreams come true. This is a perfect song to conclude the movie. As the film is a true story, the writers of the film could not leave out the history taking place outside of the Olympics. The country was at war Witt ten soviet Nylon won also napes to nave ten worlds greatest hockey team. The background history seemed to make the film more homeland as it showed how much the country needed a win in the Olympics to give the country a chance to believe again. However, the history can be considered a downside as well seeing as much of the targeted audience was not born in this time period and may not be interested in the Cold War. The film seems to be targeted at the audience of young boys and young men who dream of becoming hockey stars as well as chasing their dreams. The film may be a bit on the boring side for the younger viewers. Besides fans of hockey, it is difficult to determine if the movie loud be interesting to the general public. The hockey players in the movie are all advanced hockey players who were brought in to beat the best team in the world. The games that take place in the movie move very fast leaving no room for learning. However, knowing the story and the hard work leading up to the game may be enough to captivate the viewer, whether they are familiar with the game or not. The director of Miracle, Gavin OConnor puts a lot of emphasize on the character of Coach Brooks. The team may have been playing the game, but the film did an amazing Job wowing the effort and strength that Coach Brooks had to make it all possible. Kurt Russell did an amazing Job portraying the main character Herb Brooks. Coach Brooks knew Just what to do to get the team at their A game level, even if it meant torture. His determined and aggressive attitude could not have been played out any better than it was. Although the boys of the hockey team are not very recognized faces, they portray the correct personalities of any hockey player ready for the Olympics. Watching the boys on their Journey from day one leading up to the Olympics proves he story to be that much more inspiring. The newly team of boys were going to be playing the Soviets who had been playing together for 10 years. It was time for the 20 men from around the country to become one. For anyone who watches the film that has been part of a team, they may recognize the feeling of the classic team bonding. The film was a very captivating story that could inspire anyone to go after their dreams. The movie Miracle is an all around great film for people who love hockey. However, it is not too hard to follow for someone who is unfamiliar with the name, and could even turn out to be a favorite film. Kurt Russell did an amazing Job acting the role of Coach Herb Brooks. While there was a lot of history taking place as far as the Cold War, the film could turn out be a bore for some of the younger crowds. This is an amazing film for any aspiring hockey players as well as an all around great film for Just about any age group who has somewhat of an interest in hockey. Watching the unbelievable story of the US hockey team in 1980 is exciting and inspiring. It is a story that relives its beauty as you watch it from your television screen.

Make a Home Chemistry Kit

Make a Home Chemistry Kit This is a list of chemicals that you can keep at home so your kids can do chemistry projects and grow crystals. The activities are safe for kids with adult supervision. Store the chemicals safely, away from young children and pets, as with any household chemicals. Substances for at Home Experiments Water- Distilled is probably better. You can do experiments with tap water.Table salt (sodium chloride)- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle. You can grow salt crystals at home easily.Borax- Usually sold with laundry detergents, otherwise with household cleaners.Corn starch- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.White glue- Its sold with school supplies.Vinegar- Grocery store item, location varies. There are different types of vinegar. White vinegar is clear, but usually, cider vinegar would work if thats what you have.Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)- Grocery store item found in the baking/spice aisle.Food coloring- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.Epsom Salts (magnesium sulfate)- Found near the pharmacy section, usually. You can grow Epson Salts crystals at home quickly  and easily.Vodka- Used as ethanol. Its not necessary, but good to have for some projects. In many cases, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) would work. One comes fr om the liquor store, the other from the pharmacy section of the grocery store. Sugar (sucrose)- Granulated white table sugar, from the grocery store.Flour- Flour is used to make a  paste and as a building material, as in the chemical volcano.Alum- Sold with spices.Calcium Chloride- Sold as a laundry booster or road salt (de-icer).Bromothymol blue pH indicator- Sold in water test kits for aquaria and swimming pools.Phenolphthalein pH indicator- This chemical is used in color-change and disappearing ink projects.Sodium hydroxide (lye)- Sold as a drain cleaner in the plumbing section of some hardware stores. Keep away from children. Its not used in a lot of projects, so consider it optional. Its used where a strong base is needed.Glycerin- Sold in the pharmacy section or in craft stores. Used to make bubbles, mainly.Rock salt or sea salt- Sold with spices. Sometimes you want sodium chloride with other trace elements.Lemon juice- Found near produce, usually. You can make invisible ink with lemon juice.Metamucil- Sold in pharmacies.Milk of magnesia- Sold in pharma cies.Dishwashing detergent- For hand washing, not dishwashing machines. Copper wire- You want the type without any insulation or coating.Galvanized nails- These are nails that have been coated with zinc.Mineral oil- Baby oil is mineral oil. The added fragrance isnt a problem.Citric acid- Sold with canning supplies.Vegetable oil- You can use safflower oil. Any cooking-grade vegetable oil is fine.Steel wool- Found with cleaning supplies.Iodine stain- Its easiest to order this from a chemical supply company or try to buy some from a local school. Its used primarily in projects that test for the presence of starch.Unflavored gelatin- Found with its flavored relatives.